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Prior to World War II in the early 1940s, most petroleum refineries in the United States consisted simply of crude oil distillation units (often referred to as atmospheric crude oil distillation units). Some refineries also had vacuum distillation units as well as thermal cracking units such as visbreakers (viscosity breakers, units to lower the viscosity of the oil). All of the many other refining processes discussed below were developed during the war or within a few years after the war. They became commercially available within 5 to 10 years after the war ended and the worldwide petroleum industry experienced very rapid growth. The driving force for that growth in technology and in the number and size of refineries worldwide was the growing demand for automotive gasoline and aircraft fuel.
Given the highly automated and technically advanced nature of modern petroleum refineries, nearly all processes are contained within engineering controls and represent a substantially decreased risk of exposure to workers compared to earlier times.[75] However, certain situations or work tasks may subvert these safety mechanisms, and expose workers to a number of chemical (see table above) or physical (described below) hazards.[80][81] Examples of these scenarios include:
In thermochemical or catalytic cracking units, the reaction product separator vessel is maintained at a temperature in the vicinity of the boiling point (or close to it) of the product gas. There the cracked product is separated to produce the desired saleable product and excess oil and other by-products are separated from the light gas product stream. The gas leaving such a unit typically contains about 25% of the original volume of the crude and is too low in pressure to be useful in most transportation modes.
Start to finish, a complete tank inspection is agreed upon with the buyer. From a supplier's point of view, one or the other has the responsibility to see that the tank inspections are performed at designated inspection sites. d2c66b5586